Table of Contents

Disseminated on Behalf of Deep Sea Minerals Corp

China’s Mineral Stranglehold: The Supply Chain Vulnerability Washington Can No Longer Ignore

Small Cap Investments Research Team

October 31, 2026

12 min read

The world’s most powerful military may not be able to secure the materials it needs to build its most advanced weapons. Not because those materials don’t exist, but because a geopolitical rival controls the majority of the world’s supply.¹

Investment Highlights

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Ticker:

CSE . SEAS

OTCQB . DSEAF

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Market Capitalization:

~$27 million CAD (micro-cap entry point as of March 25th, 2026)

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Active U.S. Regulatory & Defense Pipeline:

Submitted a response to the U.S. Defense Industrial Base Consortium (DIBC) to supply defense-critical minerals ² and an exploration license application to NOAA for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion- Clipperton Zone. ³

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Targeting Mineral Rights in:

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone, which holds an estimated 21 billion dry tons of polymetallic nodules, containing nickel, cobalt, and manganese ⁴

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Global Deep-Sea Mining Market:

Projected to surge from $4.6 billion (2025) to $65.56 billion by 2034 (34%+ CAGR) ⁵

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Targeted Minerals:

Subsea polymetallic nodules containing nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese ⁶ , the same metals in fighter jets ⁷ , nuclear submarines ⁸ , and hypersonic missiles ⁹

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Subsea Mineral Grade Superiority:

Subsea polymetallic nodule cobalt grades significantly higher ¹⁰

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Strategic Alignment:

Positioned to benefit from Trump Executive Order 14285 accelerating U.S. critical mineral development ¹¹

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Management Pedigree:

A 25-year offshore veteran and former NYSE CXO, Deckelman applies multi-billion-dollar deepwater expertise from ConocoPhillips and BP to deep-sea mining

The backbone of America’s tactical air power cannot fly without these elements. ¹² The Virginia- class submarine cannot operate without critical minerals. ¹³ The hypersonic missiles meant to deter great power conflict cannot be built without materials that are now highly vulnerable due to China’s position in global refining. ¹⁴

This isn’t a warning about what might happen. It’s happening right now. And the window to position ahead of the market’s full recognition is potentially measured in weeks, not years.

920 lbs

Rare earths per F-35¹²

80%

Global cobalt refining, China ¹⁵

$20T+

Estimated seabed resource value ¹⁶

The Numbers Tell the Story

Every F-35 fighter jet requires approximately 920 pounds of rare earth elements. ¹⁷ Every Virginia-class submarine uses roughly 9,200 pounds of critical materials. ¹⁸

China controls 80% of global cobalt refining.China dominates 90% of rare earth processing. ¹⁹ And now, China has weaponized that dominance against the U.S. defense industrial base.

The December 2025 export restrictions specifically target defense end-users. ²⁰ While civilian restrictions were temporarily eased, the military prohibition remains in full effect. ²¹

This creates a scenario that was unthinkable just five years ago: the world’s most powerful military faces genuine constraints on its ability to produce advanced weapons systems, not because of engineering challenges or budget limitations, but because it may have restricted access to sufficient raw materials in the future.

The Pentagon knows this. The Defense Logistics Agency has flagged critical shortfalls in the National Defense Stockpile. ²² Supply chain strategists are searching desperately for alternatives. ²³

And one potential alternative has been sitting at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean for millions of years.

China controls the critical mineral supply chain at every processing stage — creating strategic vulnerability for Western defense manufacturers.

Trillions of Potato-Sized Rocks. One Strategic Opportunity.

Deep Sea Minerals Corp. is pursuing a dual jurisdiction strategy targeting the acquisition of mineral rights in two of the Pacific’s most strategic seabed mineral zones. SEAS has submitted an application to NOAA under the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act (DSHMRA), seeking an exploration license for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone.

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ which is located in the Eastern Pacific, an expanse of abyssal plain roughly the size of the continental United States, located approximately 2,000 kilometers off Mexico’s west coast. In the crushing darkness four thousand meters below the surface, trillions of polymetallic nodules ²⁴ containing manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt have accumulated over geological time.

The Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) represents one of the few jurisdictions with an established seabed mineral regulatory framework supported by decades of scientific assessment. In February 2026, the Cook Islands Government and the United States formalized a framework for cooperation on critical minerals research and supply chain security, directly aligning this jurisdiction with U.S.-led critical minerals policy objectives. ²⁵ This established regulatory environment, combined with extensive baseline datasets and precautionary licensing procedures, provides a structured pathway that complements SEAS’s CCZ strategy. ²⁶

These nodules contain the exact minerals in which China has supply-chain dominance. Manganese. Nickel. Copper. Cobalt. The same materials in the F-35. The same materials in nuclear submarines. The same materials in hypersonic missiles.

Polymetallic nodules accumulate over millions of years on the abyssal plain, concentrating cobalt, nickel, copper, and manganese at grades that exceed terrestrial deposits.

What Makes Deep Sea Mining Different?

The average permitting timeline for a new mine in America? 29 years from first discovery to first production. ²⁷

Deep sea mining operates on an entirely different model. Deep-sea mining targets polymetallic nodules, potato-sized concretions that sit loose on the ocean floor at 4,000 to 6,000 meters depth. These form over millions of years, accumulating metals from seawater around a nucleus, often a shark’s tooth or volcanic debris layer by imperceptible layer. ²⁸

Harvesting polymetallic nodules is like finding gold nuggets scattered across a parking lot. Robotic collectors traverse the seabed using hydraulic suction, with AI-guided selective harvesting. Nodules are lifted via riser pipes to surface vessels, dewatered, and shipped for onshore processing.

Key advantages over land-based mining: No overburden removal. No drilling or blasting. No tailings ponds. Higher grades. Multi-metal deposits. No 29-year permitting battles.

Yet these benefits come with substantial risks: Deep-sea nodule extraction would permanently remove unique abyssal habitats, generate sediment plumes, disrupt fragile deep-ocean ecosystems, and carry uncertain long-term consequences, outcomes that science has not yet fully quantified. ²⁹

The technology has been proven with TMC’s 2022 pilot. ³⁰ The engineering borrows directly from offshore oil and gas. That is why SEAS assembled a management team steeped in that industry. The team has done this before, just with a different commodity.

April 2025: The White House Declares Seabed Minerals a National Security Priority

President Trump signed Executive Order 14285, “Unleashing America’s Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources,” declaring seabed minerals a matter of national security. ³¹

The order directed NOAA to accelerate permitting, which SEAS has applied for. It signaled that the United States would act unilaterally, beyond the slow-moving International Seabed Authority, to secure the resources it needs for national defense.

This tectonic shift is fueled by the 2020 Part 960 reform, which stripped the Pentagon of its “veto” power and established a “Tier 1” fast-track that grants instant approval to any commercial tech already available on the global market. ³²

Then, on January 21, 2026, NOAA finalized a historic rule change that collapsed the timeline for permitting. ³³ For the first time ever, companies can apply for exploration licenses and commercial recovery permits simultaneously. Previously, these were sequential steps, exploration first, then years of environmental review, then commercial permitting. ³⁴

The Metals Company filed its consolidated application within days of the rule change, covering 65,000 square kilometers of the CCZ, an area larger than West Virginia. ³⁵

The race to the seabed had officially begun. Japan has also commenced test mining operations ³⁶ , actively investing over US$250 Million in test-mining rare earth elements from deep-sea in the Pacific, ³⁷ signaling that major industrial nations recognize the strategic imperative.

Executive Order 14285 and NOAA’s January 2026 rule change have compressed decades-long permitting timelines into months, opening a narrow first-mover window.

Introducing Deep Sea Minerals Corp: A C$26 Million Company Targeting Mineral Rights in the CCZ and Cook Islands EEZ

While the Pentagon scrambles for alternative mineral sources… While China tightens its grip on critical supply chains… While NOAA fast-tracks licensing and permitting for seabed harvesting…

Deep Sea Minerals Corp. (CSE . SEAS OTCQB . DSEAF) is positioning itself at the intersection of desperate demand and constrained supply with its recent application to the NOAA for a CCZ exploration license.

The Company completed its change of business and name change on January 26, 2026, five days after NOAA’s historic rule change potentially opened the pathway to commercial seabed mining.

The timing was not coincidental.

Deep Sea Minerals Corp. trades at a market capitalization of approximately C$26 million. ³⁸

Consider what that means. The regulatory pathway just opened. The geopolitical urgency has never been higher. The sector leader has demonstrated that extraction technology works and that investors will pay for exposure to it.

Sector Leader Validates Path Forward

The Metals Company (NASDAQ: TMC) is the sector leader in deep-sea mining. After years of exploration, technological development, and regulatory navigation, it has demonstrated that capital markets will support deep-sea mining companies.

TMC’s journey validates the thesis that Deep Sea Minerals aspires to follow. It has conducted pilot mining tests. It has fought the regulatory battles. It has established the precedents that everyone else will follow.

TMC’s 450% surge in 2025 ³⁹ may not have been speculation. It may have been recognition. The market may have been underpricing strategic reality, with capital moving fast as the market came to understand the potential strategic importance of deep sea mining.

While capital has flowed into the sector leaders, the market may still be assessing how these strategic realities apply to smaller-cap peers like SEAS. While TMC has been focused on subsea mineral exploration and exploitation for several years and possesses proprietary technology, subsea mineral exploitation is still not permitted by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the regulator that granted TMC’s exploration contracts in the CCZ. ⁴⁰ Now, NOAA’s alternative regulatory pathway is open, providing a potentially viable avenue to subsea mineral exploitation in the CCZ. TMC has forged a path forward for others to follow, and Deep Sea Minerals is poised to capitalize as a fast follower at a time when geopolitical urgency is undeniable.

SEAS’s strategic differentiation: Learning from TMC’s stalled progress under the ISA framework, SEAS is dually focused on the exploitation friendly regimes of U.S. and the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands pathway offers an established regulatory framework with decades of scientific foundation, plus formal U.S. government cooperation agreements signed just weeks ago. ⁴¹ This diversification across these two jurisdictions reduces single-pathway regulatory risk, while maintaining strategic alignment with U.S. critical minerals policy.

TMC blazed the trail. SEAS doesn’t have to. This is the “Fast Follower” strategy. Let the pioneers take the arrows. Then pursue the opportunity they’ve created with greater regulatory certainty.

The Team: 25+ Years of Offshore Experience

James Deckelman, CEO, A veteran exploration geologist and energy executive with over 25 years of international experience in extractive resources. His career spans ConocoPhillips, BP, and Talisman Energy, names synonymous with deepwater operations.

Deckelman has managed exploration portfolios generating billions in net present value across Latin America, the Middle East, West Africa, and beyond. ⁴² He has operated in deepwater environments at depths up to 3,000 meters, the exact technical regime that deep-sea mining requires.

In 2021, he was recognized as one of the “100 Who Made a Difference” by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ⁴³ He previously served as CXO of a NYSE-listed company and most recently built Blue Energies, which has returned over 200% since inception. ⁴⁴

His expertise in offshore operations is directly applicable to deep-sea mineral recovery. This isn’t a mining executive learning offshore operations. This is an offshore operations veteran applying proven expertise to a new resource category.

Defense Industrial Base Integration: The DIBC Pathway

The Company has joined the Defense Industrial Base Consortium (DIBC). ⁴⁵ Membership opens doors to Other Transaction Agreements (OTAs), non-dilutive government grants designed to accelerate development of critical capabilities outside traditional procurement channels.

The precedent exists. Apollo Silver was just accepted into the DIBC in February 2026, demonstrating that junior resource companies can gain entry to this defense ecosystem. ⁴⁶

For a company targeting minerals essential to weapons systems, at a moment when those
minerals are in high demand, DIBC membership could provide both funding and strategic
validation that transforms the Company’s trajectory.

Deep-sea mineral recovery shares operational DNA with offshore oil & gas — the same riser systems, dynamic positioning, and subsea robotics that the SEAS team has spent decades mastering.

The Investment Thesis: Upstream Exposure to America’s Most Urgent Supply Chain Problem

Deep Sea Minerals Corp. (CSE . SEAS OTCQB . DSEAF) is represents a strategic entry into this new reality.

Consider what the Company offers:

Timing: Launched its deep-sea strategy days after the January 2026 NOAA rule change dramatically shortened the path to commercial production.

Management: Leadership with 25+ years of offshore exploration experience at global energy majors, operating at varying depths and with similar technical challenges that deep-sea mining requires.

Structure: Clean capital structure with minimal dilution overhang and $4.22 million in recently raised capital, ⁴⁷ no complicated warrant structures.

Strategy: Fast follower approach, benefiting from pioneers’ investments while aligning with government defense priorities.

For investors interested in exposure to the potential critical mineral supercycle, who believe that America’s supply chain vulnerability represents a defining investment opportunity, Deep Sea Minerals Corp. (CSE . SEAS OTCQB . DSEAF) is a company that should be on your radar.

SEAS Files NOAA Application. The Race Just Got Real

Read the complete investor report on the company targeting the same seabed resources at a fraction of the valuation.

Read the Full Investor Report

Deep Sea Minerals Corp.

CSE: SEAS

Last Price

US $ 0.5615

Market Cap

~ 27,290,333

CSE

SEAS

OTCQB

DSEAF

deepseamineralscorp.com

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Deep Sea Minerals Corp ability to identify resources of sufficient quantity and quality to justify development efforts, and/or its ability to commence and complete development work and/or to initiate and/or maintain commercial production operations in any of its projects, depends on numerous factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control. These include, but are not limited to, exploration success, securing financing for all phases of exploration, development, and commercial mining, the adequacy of infrastructure, the geological and metallurgical characteristics of the deposits, the availability of processing technologies and capacities, the availability of storage capacity, the supply of and demand for gold and other minerals, the availability of equipment and facilities required to commence and complete development, the cost of consumables and mining and processing equipment, technological and engineering problems, accidents, acts of sabotage or terrorism, civil unrest and protests, currency fluctuations, regulatory changes, water availability, the availability and productivity of a skilled workforce, obtaining necessary permits, licenses, and licenses (including mining licenses), and political factors, including unexpected changes in government or government policy regarding exploration, development, and commercial mining activities.

Furthermore, cost overruns or unexpected changes in commodity prices during future development could render projects uneconomical, even if they were previously deemed viable in feasibility studies. Therefore, regardless of positive results from one or more feasibility studies for the projects, there is a risk that Deep Sea Minerals Corp may not be able to complete development and commence commercial mining operations on one or more properties, which could have significant adverse effects on the company’s business, financial condition, operating results, and future prospects.

For a more comprehensive overview of the risks associated with Deep Sea Minerals Corp’ business, please refer to the risk factors described in Deep Sea Minerals Corp.’s Canadian Securities Exchange Form 2A – Listing Statement dated January 19, 2026 (the “Listing Statement”), and other continuous disclosure documents, available under Deep Sea Minerals Corp’s SEDAR+ profile at www.sedarplus.ca..

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All statements in this report regarding the issuer, except for historical facts, should be understood as forward-looking statements that may not materialize due to significant uncertainties. The statements of the creator are subject to uncertainties that should not be underestimated. There is no certainty or guarantee that the forecasts made will actually occur. Therefore, readers should not rely on the creator’s statements and should not buy or sell securities solely on the basis of reading the communication.

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There is no guarantee that the forecasts of the issuer, the creator or (other) experts and management will actually occur. The performance of the issuer’s stock is therefore uncertain. As with any so-called micro cap, there is also the risk of total loss here. Therefore, the stock is only suitable as a dynamic addition to an otherwise well-diversified portfolio.

The investor should follow the news situation closely and have the technical prerequisites for trading penny stocks. The market narrowness typical of the segment leads to high volatility. Inexperienced investors and low-risk investors are generally advised against investing in the issuer’s stock. The present analysis is directed exclusively at experienced professional traders.

Decisive for the assessment of an issuer is whether, in the creator’s view, its shares can move better, worse or equal compared to shares of comparable issuers from the same peer group over the following 12 months (validity period):

Sell: The term Sell means sell. The creator is of the opinion that further price gains are unlikely, a price loss may occur, or that investors should realize already achieved gains. In all these cases, he will issue the recommendation “Sell.”

Hold: The term Hold means hold. The creator sees price potential for the stock, which is why he is of the opinion that the stock should be kept in the portfolio.

Buy: The term Buy means buy. The creator expects a price increase in the stock because he currently considers it undervalued.

Strong Buy: The term Strong Buy means definitely buy and is used, for example, by the US investment firms Morgan Stanley and Salomon Brothers. The creator expects an above-average price increase compared to other companies in the same peer group.

Regardless of the assessment made, according to the sensitivity analysis, significant risks exist due to changes in the underlying assumptions. This discussion of risk factors in the analysis does not claim to be complete.